How should the U.S.-Japan Alliance Define Armed-Attack Thresholds to Effectively Respond to Gray Zone Threats in the Space Domain?

Authors

• Michael O. Reedy
• Michael L. McLawhorn
• Keelan Brenninkmeijer
• Alexander B. Ross

Document Type

Policy Briefs

Publication/Presentation Date

4-23-2026

Abstract/Description

This policy brief outlines the need for a cohesive U.S.-Japan response framework to address gray-zone threats in the space domain. Interference with space assets is increasing in frequency and complexity, yet the alliance lacks a clearly defined joint escalation framework to guide responses. The brief recommends adopting a Space Conditions Matrix to identify conflict thresholds and strengthen coordinated decision-making in space operations.

Scholarly Commons Citation

Reedy, M. O., McLawhorn, M. L., Brenninkmeijer, K., & Ross, A. B. (2026). How should the U.S.-Japan Alliance Define Armed-Attack Thresholds to Effectively Respond to Gray Zone Threats in the Space Domain?. Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/us-japan-student-contributions/6